Enhanced Hydrological Simulations in Paddy-Dominated Watersheds Using the Hourly SWAT-MODFLOW-PADDY Modeling Approach

Accurate hydrological simulations are crucial for managing water resources and promoting sustainable agriculture in submerged paddy agricultural watersheds. The SWAT-MODFLOW, which couples the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) Modular Groundwater Flow (MODFLOW) model, is a widely used tool hydrologic that consider surface groundwater (SW-GW) interactions. However, it falls short of effectively simulating processes rice field areas. To address this, we developed hourly SWAT-MODFLOW-PADDY enables integrated represents responses fields to high-resolution rainfall data. Our findings demonstrated model could dynamically simulate soil moisture runoff patterns fields. Notably, showed enhanced performance throughout entire period flow watershed, with an average coefficient determination (R2) 0.75, Nash Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) 0.76, percent bias (PBIAS) 13.22 compared original (R2 = 0.62, NSE 0.70, PBIAS 48.21). model’s predicting quality was improved, highlighted significant impact complex mechanisms within on spatial distribution recharge stream volumes exchanged through SW-GW Given these promising results, be valuable resource paddy-dominated watersheds across various climates regions.